Indian pharma companies like Hetero, Alembic, Lupin, Dr Reddy's dominating US … – Economic Times


Indian pharma companies like Hetero, Alembic, Lupin, Dr Reddy’s dominating US generic space – Economic Times You are here: Home>Collections>AlembicIndian pharma companies like Hetero, Alembic, Lupin, Dr Reddy’s dominating US generic spaceRupali Mukherjee, TNN May 4, 2012, 05.57AM ISTTags:Sun Pharma|Nectar Life Sciences|Lupin|Hetero|Glenn Saldanha|Glenmark Pharma|Dr Reddy’s|Alembic

MUMBAI: India is playing a dominant role in the US generic pharma space, having cornered over half the certified dossiers filed globally for active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). Drug companies from India filed 51% of the overall global applications, also called drug master filings (DMF), in the US market during calendar year 2011. DMFs are essentially approvals to supply complex raw materials to all generic manufacturers servicing the US market, which is the most lucrative of all global markets.

Over the last three years, there has been a sustained increase in the trend of such applications from India. Of the global DMF filings in the US, India accounted for 45% in 2009, which increased to 49% in 2010 and 51% in 2011 (see chart).

Against this, China which is the leading API supplier in emerging markets, cornered only 18% of the total DMFs filed in the US in 2011, down from 20% in 2010. Interestingly, midrung companies like Hetero, and even smaller ones like USV, Nectar Life Sciences, Shilpa Medicare and Gland Pharma are now filing for such approvals from the US Food and Drug Administration.

Says Glenn Saldanha, chairman and MD, Glenmark Pharma, “Indian companies are playing a huge role in providing tangible, long-term value to generic players in the US market. US being the largest standalone generic market, continues to offer attractive partnership opportunities as most US dosage manufacturers (barring the top four or five) are not backward integrated.”

Among the companies, Hyderabad-based Hetero had the maximum new filings at eight during the fourth quarter of 2011.Others like Alembic, Emcure and Gland have filed four DMFs each. Among large players, Lupin and Dr Reddy’s filed three each, while Sun Pharma had two filings, and Cadila filed for one. Other significant filers were Jubilant, Aurobindo, Ipca (two each), while Orchid and Torrent filed for one each.

It was the first time that domestic players filed for 22 molecules during the quarter (higher than eight in 3Q11), of which the Prasugrel filing by Dr Reddy’s may lead to a new chemical entity, according to a JM Financial analyst.

Says Sujay Shetty, partner, PwC India, “Domestic companies have moved up the value curve by filing complex certified dossiers. These filings are important for domestic as well as US companies, which are filing for approvals to launch generic drugs (abbreviated new drug application), and are truly indicative of the quality and regulatory compliance, which has become critical. Also, for Indian manufacturers in the US, sourcing APIs from Indian companies, lowers costs.” Sales of APIs in the US have also started augmenting US revenues of these Indian companies .

In the past, industry experts say domestic companies targeted less-regulated markets for API and this space is now extremely competitive. So, many of them decided to make the transition of supplying APIs to regulated markets. And to do this they naturally had to build on their R&D capabilities to meet the stringent requirements of countries like the US.

“Basically, two aspects have emerged… Not only are Indian companies offering standalone APIs but are also increasingly offering finished dosages as part of vertically integrated partnership deals. This is most true for mid-rung players which presently do not have a direct presence in the US market ,” adds Saldanha.

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Cipla may cut prices of other cancer drugs too – Economic Times


Cipla may extend its “affordable and humanitarian” pricing strategy on other anti-cancer drugs in its portfolio, even as domestic cos struggle with the cuts, evaluate their pricing. var AddOthers = document.getElementById(“yahoobuzzsyn”).innerHTML;var msgparent = ‘13003911’; var _obj=document.getElementById(“reportAbuseDiv”); var y = findPosY(_obj); window.onscroll=setabuseForm; function OBJ(id){return document.getElementById(id)} function colorBg(){this.crp=null;this.c=null;this.intr=null;this.setVal=function(v){(this.crp==null)? this.crp=v : this.crp=null;};this.setBg=function(nv,a,fn){if(this.crp==null){this.setVal(nv);}else{if(nv>this.crp){this.c=a;this.intr=setInterval(“”+fn+”.remBg()”,2000);this.crp=nv;OBJ(this.c).style.backgroundColor=’#0C8F2B’;OBJ(this.c).style.fontWeight=’bold’;OBJ(this.c).style.color=’#ffffff’;}else{if(nv’+json_data.CompanyName2+”;if(json_data.NetChange > 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Pentagon releases results of 13000-mph test flight over Pacific – Los Angeles Times


Falcon Hypersonic Technology Vehicle 2 An artist’s rendering of the Falcon Hypersonic Technology Vehicle 2. (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency / April 20, 2012)

The results are in from last summer’s attempt to test new technology that would provide the Pentagon with a lightning-fast vehicle, capable of delivering a military strike anywhere in the world in less than an hour.

In August the Pentagon’s research arm, known as the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, or DARPA, carried out a test flight of an experimental aircraft capable of traveling at 20 times the speed of sound.

The arrowhead-shaped unmanned aircraft, dubbed Falcon Hypersonic Technology Vehicle 2, blasted off from Vandenberg Air Force Base, northwest of Santa Barbara, into the upper reaches of the Earth’s atmosphere aboard an eight-story Minotaur IV rocket made by Orbital Sciences Corp.

After reaching an undisclosed altitude, the aircraft jettisoned from its protective cover atop the rocket, then nose-dived back toward Earth, leveled out and glided above the Pacific at 20 times the speed of sound, or Mach 20.

The plan was for the Falcon to speed westward for about 30 minutes before plunging into the ocean near Kwajalein Atoll, about 4,000 miles from Vandenberg.

But it was ended about nine minutes into flight for unknown reasons. The launch had received worldwide attention and much fanfare, but officials didn’t provide much information on why the launch failed.

On Friday, DARPA said in a statement that the searing high speeds caused portions of the Falcon’s skin to peel from the aerostructure. The resulting gaps created strong shock waves around the vehicle as it traveled nearly 13,000 mph, causing it to roll abruptly.

The Falcon, which is built by Lockheed Martin Corp., is made of durable carbon composite material, which was expected to keep the aircraft’s crucial internal electronics and avionics — only a few inches away from the surface — safe from the fiery hypersonic flight. Surface temperatures on the Falcon were expected to reach more than 3,500 degrees, hot enough to melt steel.

“The initial shock wave disturbances experienced during second flight, from which the vehicle was able to recover and continue controlled flight, exceeded by more than 100 times what the vehicle was designed to withstand,” DARPA Acting Director Kaigham J. Gabriel said in a statement. “That’s a major validation that we’re advancing our understanding of aerodynamic control for hypersonic flight.”

The flight successfully demonstrated stable aerodynamically controlled flight at speeds up to Mach 20 for nearly three minutes.

Sustaining hypersonic flight has been an extremely difficult task for aeronautical engineers over the years. While supersonic means that an object is traveling faster than the speed of sound, or Mach 1, “hypersonic” refers to an aircraft going five times that speed or more.

The Falcon hit Mach 20. At that speed, an aircraft could zoom from Los Angeles to New York in less than 12 minutes — 22 times faster than a commercial airliner. Take a look at what that looks like from the ground in the video below.

The August launch was the second flight of the Falcon technology. The first flight, which took place in April 2010, also ended prematurely with only nine minutes of flight time.

There aren’t any more flights scheduled for the Falcon program, which began in 2003 and cost taxpayers about $320 million.

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Researchers make alternatives to DNA and RNA – Los Angeles Times


DNA and RNA molecules are the basis for all life on Earth, but they don’t necessarily have to be the basis for all life everywhere, scientists have shown.

Researchers at the Medical Research Council in Cambridge, England, demonstrated that six synthetic molecules that are similar to — but not exactly like — DNA and RNA have the potential to exhibit “hallmarks of life” such as storing genetic information, passing it along and undergoing evolution. The man-made molecules are called “XNAs.”

“DNA and RNA aren’t the only answers,” said Vitor Pinheiro, the postdoctoral researcher who led the study, which was published this week in the journal Science.

Manipulating XNAs to behave like DNA and RNA could help scientists design better drugs, Pinheiro said.

It could also shed light on how life emerged on Earth, and on what living things might look like if they exist beyond our planet.

“Everyone wants to know what aliens would use for DNA,” said Steven Benner, a biochemist at the Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution in Gainesville, Fla., who has synthesized artificial DNA but was not involved in the new study. “Lab experiments tell you about the possibilities in the universe.”

In natural life on Earth, the nucleic acids DNA and RNA are formed by sugar molecules — deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA — that link to phosphates to form a backbone onto which the four nucleotide bases attach to form a chain.

Genetic information is stored in the order in which the bases — known by the chemical letters A, C, G and T — are strung along the chain.

DNA forms the template that holds all the information needed to create an organism. RNA takes that information and translates it into proteins, the basic building blocks of biology. (Viruses, which some scientists consider to be a life form, use only RNA.)

To build alternatives to DNA and RNA, scientists often fiddle with one component or another and see how the changes affect genetic function.

Pinheiro and his team worked with six molecules that use different sugars or sugar-like groups in place of deoxyribose and ribose. Something called CeNA, for instance, employs a ring-shaped structure called cyclohexene. Another variant called HNA used a group of atoms called anhydrohexitol.

Collectively, the scientists refer to the group as XNAs. The X stands for “xeno-,” the Greek prefix meaning “strange,” “foreign” or “alien.”

The researchers started with molecules that were already synthesized in other labs or sold by companies. The new part was demonstrating that the molecules were capable of passing along their genetic code. To do this, they had to engineer a group of enzymes that could read information stored in XNAs and write it onto DNA. After making make a bunch of copies of that DNA, they then used the enzymes to write those copies back to XNAs.

The group then showed that HNA was capable of evolution by making lots of copies of it, selecting out the ones with desired characteristics — in this case, the ability to bind to certain proteins — creating more copies of those, selecting out the best ones again, and so on.

“It’s domesticated breeding of molecules,” said Dr. Gerald Joyce, a researcher at the Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, Calif., who was not involved in the study.

Joyce, who wrote an editorial for Science about the research, said the techniques Pinheiro and his colleagues used could some day make it easier for scientists to build nucleic acid-based medicines and diagnostic tests.

Today such products rely on RNA or DNA — both of which degrade quickly when exposed to enzymes called nucleases.

“If you take RNA and put it in a dish and breathe heavy, the RNA is a goner,” Joyce said.

With an XNA alternative, scientists could produce tests or therapies that are impervious to nucleases, potentially speeding the drug development process, Pinheiro said.

As for XNAs’ possible role in the evolution of life, Joyce said that scientists believe life on Earth probably was RNA-based before it became DNA-based — and could have been based on an even simpler XNA, such as TNA (made with a sugar called threose), before that.

“Some molecules developed the ability to replicate their own information, then we were off to the Darwinian races,” he said.

eryn.brown@latimes.com

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Investigating Mysteries of Polar Bears' Ancestry With a DNA Lens – New York Times


Instead, according to a research team that looked at DNA samples from the two species and from black bears, the brown bear and polar bear ancestral lines have a common ancestor and split about 600,000 years ago. The report, published online on Thursday in the journal Science, is the latest attempt to understand the surprisingly murky origins of one of the most familiar animals on earth, and a potent environmental symbol because it is losing the sea ice it depends on to a warming climate. Because of climate change, and threats from shipping, hunting and pollution, the polar bear is listed as “vulnerable,” one level below endangered, by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The report comes to no conclusion about how sensitive the bears are to the current loss of the sea ice that they live on, and the evolutionary tale it presents can be read in different ways. The findings challenge the idea that the bears adapted very quickly, but confirm that they have made it through warming periods and loss of sea ice before. It may have been touch and go for the bears, however, because the authors find evidence of evolutionary bottlenecks, probably during warm periods, when only small populations survived, even though warming was occurring much more slowly than it is now. The researchers, including Axel Janke and Frank Hailer of the Biodiversity and Climate Research Center in Frankfurt, compared DNA samples from 19 polar bears, 18 brown bears and 7 black bears. What they found, Dr. Hailer said, was that polar bears “are older and much more genetically unique” than had been thought. Other studies in the past few years suggested that the species was “a very recent offshoot from brown bears,” he said, dating from about 150,000 years ago. That calculation was based on DNA outside the cell nucleus known as mitochondrial DNA, which is passed on only through females, and so gives an incomplete picture of evolution. Dr. Hailer and colleagues looked at 14 stretches of nuclear DNA. This is the genetic material that comes from both parents and combines at conception to form a blueprint for a new individual. Charlotte Lindqvist, at the University at Buffalo, who was not involved in the study, was the lead author of a paper in 2010 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences that looked at mitochondrial DNA and homed in on the 150,000-year time frame for polar bear origin, with the species splitting off from brown bears. She said in an e-mail that the new study “demonstrates that the two species do indeed represent separate lineages.” But she questioned whether the evidence was sufficient to provide a firm date for polar bear origins. Comparisons of the full genome in both species are needed, she said, to nail down the timing of polar bear evolution. For animals so well known, polar bears have been something of a puzzle in terms of their origins. Part of the reason is that they live mostly on sea ice, so fossils preserved on land are rare. So some questions have had to wait for modern techniques for reading genetic material that have made the DNA of living species as useful as any fossil bed for tracing evolution. But mysteries remain, some more puzzling than ever. Why does the mitochondrial DNA suggest a much more recent origin for polar bears? Dr. Hailer suggests that it is evidence not of the origin of the bears, but of interbreeding between polar and brown bears long after they evolved, perhaps when the polar bears were driven to land because of sea ice loss. Another researcher, Beth Shapiro of Pennsylvania State University, suggested in a recent paper that interbreeding might have occurred in periods of environmental stress. In the journal Current Biology in 2011, Dr. Shapiro and a team of scientists reported that polar bears and extinct Irish brown bears interbred about 130,000 years ago, and that the brown bear mitochondrial DNA from that mating has spread to all polar bears over time. Dr. Hailer said that ice loss now could be far more threatening to polar bears than in the past because it is happening faster than ever before, and because the bears also face hunting and pollution.

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PSO takes part in Earth Hour 2012 – Pakistan Daily Times


PSO takes part in Earth Hour 2012


KARACHI: Pakistan State Oil (PSO) joined the Earth Hour campaign 2012 to play a part in spreading awareness about climate change. On March 31, 2012, unnecessary lights were switched off between 8:30 and 9:30 pm at the PSO Head Office and at selected PSO retail outlets in Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad. Naeem Yahya Mir, Managing Director PSO, said, ?Environmental conservation has been a key focus of PSO to address pressing issues the planet is facing?. At PSO we recognise we should take on the responsibility to reduce the environmental footprint of our products and operations. Today we also urge employees and stakeholders to limit their use of energy for one hour to help save this planet, he added. pr

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