A Quixotic Quest to Mine Asteroids – Wall Street Journal

A new company backed by two Google Inc. billionaires, film director James Cameron and other space exploration proponents is aiming high in the hunt for natural resources—with mining asteroids the possible target.

The venture, called Planetary Resources Inc., revealed little in a press release this week except to say that it would “overlay two critical sectors—space exploration and natural resources—to add trillions of dollars to the global GDP” and “help ensure humanity’s prosperity.” The company is formally unveiling its plans at an event Tuesday in Seattle.

Getty Images Peter Diamandis, a proponent of non-governmental space flight, is behind Planetary Resources.

While the announcement may cause some people to snicker at what could be a page out of a sci-fi novel or a Hollywood movie scene, Planetary Resources is making its debut just as scientists at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and other groups are embracing the notion of mining “near-Earth asteroids” and providing blueprints for how such a feat would be accomplished.

The possibility of extracting raw materials such as iron and nickel from asteroids has been discussed for decades, but the cost, scientific expertise and technical prowess of fulfilling such as feat have remained an obstacle. NASA experts have projected it could cost tens of billions of dollars and take well over a decade to land astronauts on an asteroid.

Tuesday’s event is being hosted by Peter H. Diamandis and Eric Anderson, known for their efforts to develop commercial space exploration, and two former NASA officials.

Agence France-Presse/Getty Images

Scientists from NASA and elsewhere recently studied the feasibility of capturing an asteroid and bringing it back near Earth. Some findings:

An unmanned craft could launch on an Atlas V rocket Solar-powered craft could capture a 500-ton asteroid A potential flight would take six to 10 years in total. Estimated cost: $2.6 billion

Source: Keck Institute for Space Studies

Mr. Diamandis, a driving force behind the Ansari X-Prize competition to spur non-governmental space flight, has long discussed his goal to become an asteroid miner. He contends that such work by space pioneers would lead to a “land rush” by companies to develop lower-cost technology to travel to and extract resources from asteroids.

“I believe that opening up the resources of space for the benefit of humanity is critical,” Mr. Diamandis said in an interview with Forbes magazine earlier this year about plans to launch an asteroid mining company.

People listed by Planetary Resources as members of its “investor and advisor group” include Larry Page, Google’s chief executive, and Eric Schmidt, the company’s executive chairman; Mr. Cameron, whose film “Avatar” depicted a corporate venture to extract natural resources from another planet; former Microsoft Corp. executive Charles Simonyi, who has made two trips to space and funded other related activity; Ram Shriram, a Google director and venture capitalist; and Ross Perot Jr., son of the Texas technology entrepreneur and former presidential candidate Ross Perot.

Former NASA Mars mission manager Chris Lewicki is listed in the press release as president and chief engineer of Planetary Resources, with Messrs. Diamandis and Anderson as co-chairmen.

None of the men could be reached for comment. A spokeswoman for Planetary Resources, which discloses few details on its website, declined to comment.

National Geographic/European Pressphoto Agency Space mining has captivated Hollywood. Director James Cameron is a backer of the new venture.

The news conference announcing the launch of the company is scheduled to be held at the Charles Simonyi Space Gallery at the Museum of Flight in Seattle on Tuesday.

Asteroid mining could take several forms, including sending humans in a spacecraft to an asteroid so they could explore and mine it. In another scenario, robotic spacecraft could be launched either to mine an asteroid directly or transport it closer to Earth so that humans could more easily reach it.

Such mining could yield a large amount of water, oxygen and metals to help further space exploration by allowing humans to fuel spacecraft, build space stations and other constructs. The resources could potentially be brought back to Earth as well.

Earlier this month, a study by NASA scientists concluded that, for a cost of $2.6 billion, humans could use robotic spacecraft to capture a 500-ton asteroid seven meters in diameter and bring it into orbit around the moon so that it could be explored and mined. The spacecraft, using a 40-kilowatt solar-electric propulsion system, would have a flight time of between six and 10 years, and humans could accomplish this task by around 2025.

Walt Disney/Everett Collection Bruce Willis in ‘Armageddon.’ His character was tasked with drilling into an asteroid to break it apart before it collides with Earth.

The estimated cost doesn’t include the billions of dollars that it might take to extract minerals.

“[W]ith the right ground-based observation campaign approximately five attractive [asteroids] per year could be discovered,” said the NASA study, published by the Keck Institute for Space Studies. It also said that by exploring asteroids people may be able to gain information or find raw materials that would allow humans to travel far beyond the moon.

Mr. Lewicki and Tom Jones, a former NASA astronaut who is an advisor to Planetary Resources, were involved in the study, though it’s unclear if that means the company will adopt the same strategy for extracting material from asteroids.

Louis Friedman, a former NASA aerospace engineer who also was involved in the study, said he supports this strategy but noted that it would take “hundreds of millions of dollars” to get started and that Planetary Resources would “need to find a lower-cost way to access space” in order to succeed.

Warner Bros. Pictures/Courtesy Everett Collection Sean Connery in 1981’s ‘Outland,’ a British thriller that takes place at a mining colony on a Jupiter moon.

He is also skeptical the company could find ways to transfer raw materials extracted from asteroids back to Earth, given the cost of going in and out of earth’s gravity well. Thus, he said, the materials could only be useful in space.

President Obama in 2010 set a goal to send a manned mission to an asteroid by 2025, but the details remain fuzzy and the effort hasn’t generated much public excitement or political traction. However, NASA is working on an unmanned mission called OSIRIS-Rex that would launch in 2016 and land on an asteroid, study it, and bring a tiny amount of it back to earth by 2023. NASA also is calling on amateur astronomers to help the agency find “near-earth” asteroids that could be explored in the future.

In recent years, as NASA has pulled back on space exploration, wealthy entrepreneurs such as Amazon.com Inc. founder Jeff Bezos, Tesla Motors Inc. creator Elon Musk and Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen have tried to fill the void with their personal money. Mr. Musk has pursued commercial rockets and spacecraft to transport cargo and astronauts into orbit, while Messrs. Allen and Bezos have looked to launch tourists to the edge of space and possibly beyond.

Write to Amir Efrati at amir.efrati@wsj.com

A version of this article appeared April 21, 2012, on page B1 in some U.S. editions of The Wall Street Journal, with the headline: A Quixotic Quest To Mine Asteroids.

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Hadron collider quest for the God particle – Daily News & Analysis

Here under the rolling hills on the French-Swiss border near Geneva, the biggest machine ever built is preparing for a new assault on its elusive quarry. Because it is now make-or-break time for the scientists at Cern, Europe’s nuclear research laboratory, as their titanic Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the most powerful atom smasher in the world, gears up for a frantic rush to corner the elusive Higgs boson, better (if inaccurately) known as the God Particle.

Cern made a tentative announcement last year that it had found “hints” of the Higgs; in the next six months, it will either pin down the elusive particle or force physicists back to the drawing board. The LHC has been repaired and fettled over the winter, and is this week completing a series of test firings before starting high-energy collisions next week.

For almost half a century the particle, whose existence was first predicted by the British physicist Peter Higgs in 1964, has escaped detection – the tools at our disposal were simply not powerful enough to smoke it out. But in the ring of tunnels and caverns buried deep below the Geneva suburbs, engineers are readying their machine for a last, turbo-charged offensive.

Physicists believe not only that the Higgs is there, but that its properties fall between certain parameters. If it turns out not to be there, or to have wildly different properties to what the theories say, the equations will have to be torn up – a prospect that fills physicists with dread and nervous anticipation in equal measure.

With a major overhaul of the LHC due this year, which will see the £6 billion machine shut down for 18 months, the atmosphere at Cern is intense. Rolf-Dieter Heuer, the director-general, has instructed his scientists to confirm or rule out the existence of a Higgs boson (or more precisely a Higgs with the mass predicted by science) before the autumn.

The challenge has been accepted with such gusto that Sergio Bertolucci, Cern’s ebullient, motorbike-mad chief scientist, has told the teams analysing the data from the LHC collisions that he is not interested in painstakingly combining their data (as usually happens) and ordered each to find a cast-iron result on the strength of their measurements alone.

To give their physicists a fighting chance, engineers agreed last month to increase the power of the LHC for the duration of 2012 from seven teraelectronvolts (TeV) of energy to eight, giving each microscopic beam the energy of a Eurostar train travelling at full speed.

One way or the other, Prof Heuer says, 2012 will be the year the Higgs nut is finally cracked. “We plan to have around four times as many statistics this year, and that should settle the question of the standard-model Higgs by the end of the summer. We will have an answer to the Shakespeare question: to be or not to be.”

The Higgs is the embodiment of an ether-like field that, according to the “Standard Model” of physics, endows all other particles with their mass and is a major missing piece in the physics jigsaw puzzle. Without the Higgs mechanism a major part of the Standard Model, a series of equations that describe how the basic particles and forces interact, will be incomplete.

Exploring the physics of the impossibly small requires some gargantuan engineering. From the cathedral-sized chambers where the enormous Atlas and CMS detectors – the two biggest “stations” on the LHC ring – are housed, the sense of urgency among engineers putting the final touches to their eye-wateringly expensive equipment is palpable.

The optimism is reassuringly upbeat, because it is fair to say the LHC did not get off to the most auspicious start. The 17-mile underground ring, through which beams of particles thinner than a human hair are fired in opposing directions, took 10 years to construct and twice as long to design.

But shortly after being launched amid great fanfare in 2008, the machine was brought to a halt by a power cut when a pigeon dropped a piece of bread onto an electrical component.

Days later an electrical fault caused a magnet to fail, sparking a gas leak inside the tube which knocked the entire apparatus out of service for a whole year.

Since it was restarted in 2009 two years’ worth of collisions have brought us closer than ever to finding the truth about the Higgs, but have only uncovered tantalising hints of the particle itself.

Now there is a growing sense that the search may at last be coming to an end – a belief strengthened by the final analysis of data from the American Tevatron, the now-defunct forerunner of the LHC, which found strikingly similar “blips” in its results – terabytes of statistical data generated by the debris resulting from particle collisions.

Cern knows that public – and political – expectation is mounting that a “Higgs result”, which will probably mean Nobel Prizes all round, is needed soon. The LHC costs pounds 690 million a year to run and in a cash-strapped Europe, esoteric research like this is always vulnerable to budget cuts.

But the engineers are also thinking ahead to a new phase in the life of the LHC – when the machine can be ramped up to full power and perhaps open up a new window of post-Higgs, super-high-energy physics. The machine will enter a longer period of hibernation at the end of 2012 for its final upgrade. The LHC is designed to handle 14TeV of energy, but before turning it up to full power, engineers must pull the massive detectors apart and test and repair 10,000 connections along the entire length of the accelerator to make sure they will not buckle under the strain.

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